Python Language Reference Manual by Guido van Rossum and Fred L. Drake, Jr. Paperback (6"x9"), 120 pages ISBN 0954161785 RRP £12.95 ($19.95) Sales of this book support the Python Software Foundation! Get a printed copy>>>

Python Language Reference Manual Buy the book here! >>> support free documentation

3.4.8 Coercion rules

This section used to document the rules for coercion. As the language has evolved, the coercion rules have become hard to document precisely; documenting what one version of one particular implementation does is undesirable. Instead, here are some informal guidelines regarding coercion. In Python 3.0, coercion will not be supported.

• If the left operand of a % operator is a string or Unicode object, no coercion takes place and the string formatting operation is invoked instead.
• Defining a coercion operation is no longer recommended. Mixed-mode operations on types that don't define coercion pass the original arguments to the operation.
• New-style classes (those derived from object) never invoke the __coerce__() method in response to a binary operator; the only time __coerce__() is invoked is when the built-in function coerce() is called.
• For most intents and purposes, an operator that returns NotImplemented is treated the same as one that is not implemented at all.
• Below, __op__() and __rop__() are used to signify the generic method names corresponding to an operator; __iop__() is used for the corresponding in-place operator. For example, for the operator `+', __add__() and __radd__() are used for the left and right variant of the binary operator, and __iadd__() for the in-place variant.
• For objects x and y, first x.__op__(y) is tried. If this is not implemented or returns NotImplemented, y.__rop__(x) is tried. If this is also not implemented or returns NotImplemented, a TypeError exception is raised. But see the following exception:
• Exception to the previous item: if the left operand is an instance of a built-in type or a new-style class, and the right operand is an instance of a proper subclass of that type or class and overrides the base's __rop__() method, the right operand's __rop__() method is tried before the left operand's __op__() method. This is done so that a subclass can completely override binary operators. Otherwise, the left operand's __op__() method would always accept the right operand: when an instance of a given class is expected, an instance of a subclass of that class is always acceptable.
• When either operand type defines a coercion, this coercion is called before that type's __op__() or __rop__() method is called, but no sooner. If the coercion returns an object of a different type for the operand whose coercion is invoked, part of the process is redone using the new object.
• When an in-place operator (like `+=') is used, if the left operand implements __iop__(), it is invoked without any coercion. When the operation falls back to __op__() and/or __rop__(), the normal coercion rules apply.
• In x+y, if x is a sequence that implements sequence concatenation, sequence concatenation is invoked.
• In x*y, if one operator is a sequence that implements sequence repetition, and the other is an integer (int or long), sequence repetition is invoked.
• Rich comparisons (implemented by methods __eq__() and so on) never use coercion. Three-way comparison (implemented by __cmp__()) does use coercion under the same conditions as other binary operations use it.
• In the current implementation, the built-in numeric types int, long and float do not use coercion; the type complex however does use it. The difference can become apparent when subclassing these types. Over time, the type complex may be fixed to avoid coercion. All these types implement a __coerce__() method, for use by the built-in coerce() function.