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 GNU Scientific Library Reference Manual - Third Edition (v1.12) by M. Galassi, J. Davies, J. Theiler, B. Gough, G. Jungman, P. Alken, M. Booth, F. RossiPaperback (6"x9"), 592 pages, 60 figuresISBN 0954612078RRP £24.95 ($39.95) ## 16.12 Examples The integrator QAGS will handle a large class of definite integrals. For example, consider the following integral, which has an algebraic-logarithmic singularity at the origin, \int_0^1 x^{-1/2} log(x) dx = -4  The program below computes this integral to a relative accuracy bound of 1e-7. #include <stdio.h> #include <math.h> #include <gsl/gsl_integration.h> double f (double x, void * params) { double alpha = *(double *) params; double f = log(alpha*x) / sqrt(x); return f; } int main (void) { gsl_integration_workspace * w = gsl_integration_workspace_alloc (1000); double result, error; double expected = -4.0; double alpha = 1.0; gsl_function F; F.function = &f; F.params = &alpha; gsl_integration_qags (&F, 0, 1, 0, 1e-7, 1000, w, &result, &error); printf ("result = % .18f\n", result); printf ("exact result = % .18f\n", expected); printf ("estimated error = % .18f\n", error); printf ("actual error = % .18f\n", result - expected); printf ("intervals = %d\n", w->size); gsl_integration_workspace_free (w); return 0; }  The results below show that the desired accuracy is achieved after 8 subdivisions. $ ./a.out
result          = -3.999999999999973799
exact result    = -4.000000000000000000
estimated error =  0.000000000000246025
actual error    =  0.000000000000026201
intervals =  8


In fact, the extrapolation procedure used by QAGS produces an accuracy of almost twice as many digits. The error estimate returned by the extrapolation procedure is larger than the actual error, giving a margin of safety of one order of magnitude.

 ISBN 0954612078 GNU Scientific Library Reference Manual - Third Edition (v1.12) See the print edition