An Introduction to GCC for the GNU Compilers gcc and g++ Revised and updated Brian Gough Foreword by Richard M. Stallman

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This manual provides an introduction to the GNU C and C++ Compilers, gcc and g++, which are part of the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC). The development of this manual was funded entirely by Network Theory Ltd. Copies published by Network Theory Ltd raise money for more free documentation.

• Foreword
• 1 Introduction
  • 1.1 A brief history of GCC
  • 1.2 Major features of GCC
  • 1.3 Programming in C and C++
  • 1.4 Conventions used in this manual
• 2 Compiling a C program
  • 2.1 Compiling a simple C program
  • 2.2 Finding errors in a simple program
  • 2.3 Compiling multiple source files
  • 2.4 Compiling files independently
    • 2.4.1 Creating object files from source files
    • 2.4.2 Creating executables from object files
  • 2.5 Recompiling and relinking
  • 2.6 A simple makefile
  • 2.7 Linking with external libraries
    • 2.7.1 Link order of libraries
  • 2.8 Using library header files
• 3 Compilation options
  • 3.1 Setting search paths
    • 3.1.1 Search path example
    • 3.1.2 Environment variables
    • 3.1.3 Extended search paths
  • 3.2 Shared libraries and static libraries
  • 3.3 C language standards
    • 3.3.1 ANSI/ISO
    • 3.3.2 Strict ANSI/ISO
    • 3.3.3 Selecting specific standards
  • 3.4 Warning options in -Wall
  • 3.5 Additional warning options
  • 3.6 Recommended warning options
• 4 Using the preprocessor
  • 4.1 Defining macros
  • 4.2 Macros with values
  • 4.3 Preprocessing source files
• 5 Compiling for debugging
  • 5.1 Examining core files
  • 5.2 Displaying a backtrace
  • 5.3 Setting a breakpoint
  • 5.4 Stepping through the program
  • 5.5 Modifying variables
  • 5.6 Continuing execution
  • 5.7 More information
• 6 Compiling with optimization
  • 6.1 Source-level optimization
    • 6.1.1 Common subexpression elimination
    • 6.1.2 Function inlining
  • 6.2 Speed-space tradeoffs
    • 6.2.1 Loop unrolling
  • 6.3 Scheduling
  • 6.4 Optimization levels
  • 6.5 Examples
  • 6.6 Optimization and debugging
  • 6.7 Optimization and compiler warnings
• 7 Compiling a C++ program
  • 7.1 Compiling a simple C++ program
  • 7.2 C++ compilation options
  • 7.3 Using the C++ standard library
  • 7.4 Templates
    • 7.4.1 Using C++ standard library templates
    • 7.4.2 Providing your own templates
    • 7.4.3 Explicit template instantiation
    • 7.4.4 The export keyword
• 8 Platform-specific options
  • 8.1 Intel and AMD x86 options
    • 8.1.1 x86 extensions
    • 8.1.2 x86 64-bit processors
  • 8.2 DEC Alpha options
  • 8.3 SPARC options
  • 8.4 POWER/PowerPC options
  • 8.5 Multi-architecture support
  • 8.6 Floating-point issues
  • 8.7 Portability of signed and unsigned types
• 9 Troubleshooting
  • 9.1 Help for command-line options
  • 9.2 Version numbers
  • 9.3 Verbose compilation
  • 9.4 Stopping a program in an infinite loop
  • 9.5 Preventing excessive memory usage
• 10 Compiler-related tools
  • 10.1 Creating a library with the GNU archiver
  • 10.2 Using the profiler gprof
  • 10.3 Coverage testing with gcov
• 11 How the compiler works
  • 11.1 An overview of the compilation process
  • 11.2 The preprocessor
  • 11.3 The compiler
  • 11.4 The assembler
  • 11.5 The linker
• 12 Examining compiled files
  • 12.1 Identifying files
  • 12.2 Examining the symbol table
  • 12.3 Finding dynamically linked libraries
• 13 Common error messages
  • 13.1 Preprocessor error messages
  • 13.2 Compiler error messages
  • 13.3 Linker error messages
  • 13.4 Runtime error messages
• 14 Getting help
• Further reading
• Acknowledgements
• Other books from the publisher
• Free software organizations