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Apache HTTP Server Reference Manual for Apache version
2.2.17 Apache Software Foundation Published by Network Theory Ltd Copyright ©2005 The Apache Software Foundation. Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the ”License”); you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 This version of the Apache HTTP Server Documentation is converted from XML source files to LATEX using XSLT. While every care has been taken by the publisher, this book is a reformatted work and may contain conversion errors. The reference version of the documentation can be found on the Apache HTTP Server website at http://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.2/.
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Contents
1 Apache HTTP Server and Supporting Programs
1.1 Server and Supporting Programs
1.2 httpd - Apache Hypertext Transfer Protocol Server
1.3 ab - Apache HTTP server benchmarking tool
1.4 apachectl - Apache HTTP Server Control Interface
1.5 apxs - APache eXtenSion tool
1.6 configure - Configure the source tree
1.7 dbmmanage - Manage user authentication files in DBM format
1.8 htcacheclean - Clean up the disk cache
1.9 htdbm - Manipulate DBM password databases
1.10 htdigest - manage user files for digest authentication
1.11 htpasswd - Manage user files for basic authentication
1.12 httxt2dbm - Generate dbm files for use with RewriteMap
1.13 logresolve - Resolve IP-addresses to hostnames in Apache log files
1.14 rotatelogs - Piped logging program to rotate Apache logs
1.15 suexec - Switch user before executing external programs
1.16 Other Programs
2 Using the Apache HTTP Server
2.1 Starting Apache
2.2 Stopping and Restarting
2.3 Configuration Files
2.4 Configuration Sections
2.5 Server-Wide Configuration
2.6 Log Files
2.7 Mapping URLs to Filesystem Locations
3 Apache modules
3.1 Terms Used to Describe Modules
3.2 Terms Used to Describe Directives
3.3 Apache Module core
3.4 Apache Module mod_actions
3.5 Apache Module mod_alias
3.6 Apache Module mod_asis
3.7 Apache Module mod_auth_basic
3.8 Apache Module mod_auth_digest
3.9 Apache Module mod_authn_alias
3.10 Apache Module mod_authn_anon
3.11 Apache Module mod_authn_dbd
3.12 Apache Module mod_authn_dbm
3.13 Apache Module mod_authn_default
3.14 Apache Module mod_authn_file
3.15 Apache Module mod_authnz_ldap
3.16 Apache Module mod_authz_dbm
3.17 Apache Module mod_authz_default
3.18 Apache Module mod_authz_groupfile
3.19 Apache Module mod_authz_host
3.20 Apache Module mod_authz_owner
3.21 Apache Module mod_authz_user
3.22 Apache Module mod_autoindex
3.23 Apache Module mod_cache
3.24 Apache Module mod_cern_meta
3.25 Apache Module mod_cgi
3.26 Apache Module mod_cgid
3.27 Apache Module mod_charset_lite
3.28 Apache Module mod_dav
3.29 Apache Module mod_dav_fs
3.30 Apache Module mod_dav_lock
3.31 Apache Module mod_dbd
3.32 Apache Module mod_deflate
3.33 Apache Module mod_dir
3.34 Apache Module mod_disk_cache
3.35 Apache Module mod_dumpio
3.36 Apache Module mod_echo
3.37 Apache Module mod_env
3.38 Apache Module mod_example
3.39 Apache Module mod_expires
3.40 Apache Module mod_ext_filter
3.41 Apache Module mod_file_cache
3.42 Apache Module mod_filter
3.43 Apache Module mod_headers
3.44 Apache Module mod_ident
3.45 Apache Module mod_imagemap
3.46 Apache Module mod_include
3.47 Apache Module mod_info
3.48 Apache Module mod_isapi
3.49 Apache Module mod_ldap
3.50 Apache Module mod_log_config
3.51 Apache Module mod_log_forensic
3.52 Apache Module mod_logio
3.53 Apache Module mod_mem_cache
3.54 Apache Module mod_mime
3.55 Apache Module mod_mime_magic
3.56 Apache Module mod_negotiation
3.57 Apache Module mod_nw_ssl
3.58 Apache Module mod_proxy
3.59 Apache Module mod_proxy_ajp
3.60 Apache Module mod_proxy_balancer
3.61 Apache Module mod_proxy_connect
3.62 Apache Module mod_proxy_ftp
3.63 Apache Module mod_proxy_http
3.64 Apache Module mod_proxy_scgi
3.65 Apache Module mod_reqtimeout
3.66 Apache Module mod_rewrite
3.67 Apache Module mod_setenvif
3.68 Apache Module mod_so
3.69 Apache Module mod_speling
3.70 Apache Module mod_ssl
3.71 Apache Module mod_status
3.72 Apache Module mod_substitute
3.73 Apache Module mod_suexec
3.74 Apache Module mod_unique_id
3.75 Apache Module mod_userdir
3.76 Apache Module mod_usertrack
3.77 Apache Module mod_version
3.78 Apache Module mod_vhost_alias
3.79 Apache Module beos
3.80 Apache Module mpm_common
3.81 Apache Module event
3.82 Apache Module prefork
3.83 Apache Module mpm_winnt
3.84 Apache Module worker
4 Apache Virtual Host documentation
4.1 Apache Virtual Host documentation
4.2 Name-based Virtual Host Support
4.3 Apache IP-based Virtual Host Support
4.4 Dynamically configured mass virtual hosting
4.5 VirtualHost Examples
4.6 An In-Depth Discussion of Virtual Host Matching
4.7 File Descriptor Limits
4.8 Issues Regarding DNS and Apache
5 URL Rewriting Guide
5.1 Apache mod_rewrite
5.2 Apache mod_rewrite Introduction
5.3 Apache mod_rewrite Flags
5.4 Apache mod_rewrite Technical Details
5.5 URL Rewriting Guide
5.6 URL Rewriting Guide - Advanced topics
5.7 SSL/TLS Strong Encryption: An Introduction
6 Authentication, Authorization and Access Control
6.1 Related Modules and Directives
6.2 Introduction
6.3 The Prerequisites
6.4 Getting it working
6.5 Letting more than one person in
6.6 Possible problems
6.7 Alternate password storage
6.8 More information
7 Access Control
7.1 Related Modules and Directives
7.2 Access control by host
7.3 Access control by environment variable
7.4 Access control with mod_rewrite
7.5 More information
8 Caching Guide
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Caching Overview
8.3 Security Considerations
8.4 File-Handle Caching
8.5 In-Memory Caching
8.6 Disk-based Caching
9 Apache Tutorial: Dynamic Content with CGI
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Configuring Apache to permit CGI
9.3 Writing a CGI program
9.4 But it’s still not working!
9.5 What’s going on behind the scenes?
9.6 CGI modules/libraries
9.7 For more information
10 Apache Tutorial: Introduction to Server Side Includes
10.1 Introduction
10.2 What are SSI?
10.3 Configuring your server to permit SSI
10.4 Basic SSI directives
10.5 Additional examples
10.6 What else can I config?
10.7 Executing commands
10.8 Advanced SSI techniques
10.9 Conclusion
11 Apache Tutorial: .htaccess files
11.1 .htaccess files
11.2 What they are/How to use them
11.3 When (not) to use .htaccess files
11.4 How directives are applied
11.5 Authentication example
11.6 Server Side Includes example
11.7 CGI example
11.8 Troubleshooting
12 Per-user web directories
12.1 Per-user web directories
12.2 Setting the file path with UserDir
12.3 Redirecting to external URLs
12.4 Restricting what users are permitted to use this feature
12.5 Enabling a cgi directory for each user
12.6 Allowing users to alter configuration
13 Security Tips
13.1 Keep up to Date
13.2 Permissions on ServerRoot Directories
13.3 Server Side Includes
13.4 CGI in General
13.5 Non Script Aliased CGI
13.6 Script Aliased CGI
13.7 Other sources of dynamic content
13.8 Protecting System Settings
13.9 Protect Server Files by Default
13.10 Watching Your Logs
14 Dynamic Shared Object (DSO) Support
14.1 Implementation
14.2 Usage Summary
14.3 Background
14.4 Advantages and Disadvantages
15 Content Negotiation
15.1 About Content Negotiation
15.2 Negotiation in Apache
15.3 The Negotiation Methods
15.4 Fiddling with Quality Values
15.5 Extensions to Transparent Content Negotiation
15.6 Note on hyperlinks and naming conventions
15.7 Note on Caching
16 Custom Error Responses
16.1 Behavior
16.2 Configuration
16.3 Custom Error Responses and Redirects
17 Binding
17.1 Overview
17.2 Special IPv6 Considerations
17.3 How This Works With Virtual Hosts
18 Multi-Processing Modules (MPMs)
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Choosing an MPM
18.3 MPM Defaults
19 Environment Variables in Apache
19.1 Setting Environment Variables
19.2 Using Environment Variables
19.3 Special Purpose Environment Variables
19.4 Examples
20 Apache’s Handler Use
20.1 What is a Handler
20.2 Examples
20.3 Programmer’s Note
21 Filters
21.1 Filtering in Apache 2
21.2 Smart Filtering
21.3 Using Filters
22 suEXEC Support
22.1 Before we begin
22.2 suEXEC Security Model
22.3 Configuring & Installing suEXEC
22.4 Enabling & Disabling suEXEC
22.5 Using suEXEC
22.6 Debugging suEXEC
22.7 Beware the Jabberwock: Warnings & Examples
23 Apache Performance Tuning
23.1 Hardware and Operating System Issues
23.2 Run-Time Configuration Issues
23.3 Compile-Time Configuration Issues
23.4 Appendix: Detailed Analysis of a Trace
24 Frequently Asked Questions
24.1 "Why can’t I …? Why won’t … work?" What to do in case of problems
24.2 Whom do I contact for support?
25 Using Apache HTTP Server on Microsoft Windows
25.1 Operating System Requirements
25.2 Downloading Apache for Windows
25.3 Installing Apache for Windows
25.4 Customizing Apache for Windows
25.5 Running Apache as a Service
25.6 Running Apache as a Console Application
25.7 Testing the Installation
26 Compiling Apache for Microsoft Windows
26.1 Requirements
26.2 Command-Line Build
26.3 Developer Studio Workspace IDE Build
26.4 Exporting command-line .mak files
26.5 Installation
26.6 Warning about building Apache from the development tree
27 The Apache EBCDIC Port
27.1 Overview of the Apache EBCDIC Port
27.2 Design Goals
27.3 Technical Solution
27.4 Porting Notes
27.5 Document Storage Notes
27.6 Apache Modules’ Status
27.7 Third Party Modules’ Status
28 Relevant Standards
28.1 HTTP Recommendations
28.2 HTML Recommendations
28.3 Authentication
28.4 Language/Country Codes
29 Password Formats
29.1 Basic Authentication
29.2 Digest Authentication
30 Release Notes
30.1 Compiling and Installing
30.2 Upgrading to 2.2 from 2.0
30.3 Overview of new features in Apache 2.2
30.4 Overview of new features in Apache 2.0
30.5 The Apache License, Version 2.0
30.6 NOTICE
31 Glossary and Index
31.1 Glossary
31.2 Module Index
Other Modules
31.3 Directive Quick Reference
Other books from the publisher
1 Apache HTTP Server and Supporting Programs
1.1 Server and Supporting Programs
1.2 httpd - Apache Hypertext Transfer Protocol Server
1.3 ab - Apache HTTP server benchmarking tool
1.4 apachectl - Apache HTTP Server Control Interface
1.5 apxs - APache eXtenSion tool
1.6 configure - Configure the source tree
1.7 dbmmanage - Manage user authentication files in DBM format
1.8 htcacheclean - Clean up the disk cache
1.9 htdbm - Manipulate DBM password databases
1.10 htdigest - manage user files for digest authentication
1.11 htpasswd - Manage user files for basic authentication
1.12 httxt2dbm - Generate dbm files for use with RewriteMap
1.13 logresolve - Resolve IP-addresses to hostnames in Apache log files
1.14 rotatelogs - Piped logging program to rotate Apache logs
1.15 suexec - Switch user before executing external programs
1.16 Other Programs
2 Using the Apache HTTP Server
2.1 Starting Apache
2.2 Stopping and Restarting
2.3 Configuration Files
2.4 Configuration Sections
2.5 Server-Wide Configuration
2.6 Log Files
2.7 Mapping URLs to Filesystem Locations
3 Apache modules
3.1 Terms Used to Describe Modules
3.2 Terms Used to Describe Directives
3.3 Apache Module core
3.4 Apache Module mod_actions
3.5 Apache Module mod_alias
3.6 Apache Module mod_asis
3.7 Apache Module mod_auth_basic
3.8 Apache Module mod_auth_digest
3.9 Apache Module mod_authn_alias
3.10 Apache Module mod_authn_anon
3.11 Apache Module mod_authn_dbd
3.12 Apache Module mod_authn_dbm
3.13 Apache Module mod_authn_default
3.14 Apache Module mod_authn_file
3.15 Apache Module mod_authnz_ldap
3.16 Apache Module mod_authz_dbm
3.17 Apache Module mod_authz_default
3.18 Apache Module mod_authz_groupfile
3.19 Apache Module mod_authz_host
3.20 Apache Module mod_authz_owner
3.21 Apache Module mod_authz_user
3.22 Apache Module mod_autoindex
3.23 Apache Module mod_cache
3.24 Apache Module mod_cern_meta
3.25 Apache Module mod_cgi
3.26 Apache Module mod_cgid
3.27 Apache Module mod_charset_lite
3.28 Apache Module mod_dav
3.29 Apache Module mod_dav_fs
3.30 Apache Module mod_dav_lock
3.31 Apache Module mod_dbd
3.32 Apache Module mod_deflate
3.33 Apache Module mod_dir
3.34 Apache Module mod_disk_cache
3.35 Apache Module mod_dumpio
3.36 Apache Module mod_echo
3.37 Apache Module mod_env
3.38 Apache Module mod_example
3.39 Apache Module mod_expires
3.40 Apache Module mod_ext_filter
3.41 Apache Module mod_file_cache
3.42 Apache Module mod_filter
3.43 Apache Module mod_headers
3.44 Apache Module mod_ident
3.45 Apache Module mod_imagemap
3.46 Apache Module mod_include
3.47 Apache Module mod_info
3.48 Apache Module mod_isapi
3.49 Apache Module mod_ldap
3.50 Apache Module mod_log_config
3.51 Apache Module mod_log_forensic
3.52 Apache Module mod_logio
3.53 Apache Module mod_mem_cache
3.54 Apache Module mod_mime
3.55 Apache Module mod_mime_magic
3.56 Apache Module mod_negotiation
3.57 Apache Module mod_nw_ssl
3.58 Apache Module mod_proxy
3.59 Apache Module mod_proxy_ajp
3.60 Apache Module mod_proxy_balancer
3.61 Apache Module mod_proxy_connect
3.62 Apache Module mod_proxy_ftp
3.63 Apache Module mod_proxy_http
3.64 Apache Module mod_proxy_scgi
3.65 Apache Module mod_reqtimeout
3.66 Apache Module mod_rewrite
3.67 Apache Module mod_setenvif
3.68 Apache Module mod_so
3.69 Apache Module mod_speling
3.70 Apache Module mod_ssl
3.71 Apache Module mod_status
3.72 Apache Module mod_substitute
3.73 Apache Module mod_suexec
3.74 Apache Module mod_unique_id
3.75 Apache Module mod_userdir
3.76 Apache Module mod_usertrack
3.77 Apache Module mod_version
3.78 Apache Module mod_vhost_alias
3.79 Apache Module beos
3.80 Apache Module mpm_common
3.81 Apache Module event
3.82 Apache Module prefork
3.83 Apache Module mpm_winnt
3.84 Apache Module worker
4 Apache Virtual Host documentation
4.1 Apache Virtual Host documentation
4.2 Name-based Virtual Host Support
4.3 Apache IP-based Virtual Host Support
4.4 Dynamically configured mass virtual hosting
4.5 VirtualHost Examples
4.6 An In-Depth Discussion of Virtual Host Matching
4.7 File Descriptor Limits
4.8 Issues Regarding DNS and Apache
5 URL Rewriting Guide
5.1 Apache mod_rewrite
5.2 Apache mod_rewrite Introduction
5.3 Apache mod_rewrite Flags
5.4 Apache mod_rewrite Technical Details
5.5 URL Rewriting Guide
5.6 URL Rewriting Guide - Advanced topics
5.7 SSL/TLS Strong Encryption: An Introduction
6 Authentication, Authorization and Access Control
6.1 Related Modules and Directives
6.2 Introduction
6.3 The Prerequisites
6.4 Getting it working
6.5 Letting more than one person in
6.6 Possible problems
6.7 Alternate password storage
6.8 More information
7 Access Control
7.1 Related Modules and Directives
7.2 Access control by host
7.3 Access control by environment variable
7.4 Access control with mod_rewrite
7.5 More information
8 Caching Guide
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Caching Overview
8.3 Security Considerations
8.4 File-Handle Caching
8.5 In-Memory Caching
8.6 Disk-based Caching
9 Apache Tutorial: Dynamic Content with CGI
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Configuring Apache to permit CGI
9.3 Writing a CGI program
9.4 But it’s still not working!
9.5 What’s going on behind the scenes?
9.6 CGI modules/libraries
9.7 For more information
10 Apache Tutorial: Introduction to Server Side Includes
10.1 Introduction
10.2 What are SSI?
10.3 Configuring your server to permit SSI
10.4 Basic SSI directives
10.5 Additional examples
10.6 What else can I config?
10.7 Executing commands
10.8 Advanced SSI techniques
10.9 Conclusion
11 Apache Tutorial: .htaccess files
11.1 .htaccess files
11.2 What they are/How to use them
11.3 When (not) to use .htaccess files
11.4 How directives are applied
11.5 Authentication example
11.6 Server Side Includes example
11.7 CGI example
11.8 Troubleshooting
12 Per-user web directories
12.1 Per-user web directories
12.2 Setting the file path with UserDir
12.3 Redirecting to external URLs
12.4 Restricting what users are permitted to use this feature
12.5 Enabling a cgi directory for each user
12.6 Allowing users to alter configuration
13 Security Tips
13.1 Keep up to Date
13.2 Permissions on ServerRoot Directories
13.3 Server Side Includes
13.4 CGI in General
13.5 Non Script Aliased CGI
13.6 Script Aliased CGI
13.7 Other sources of dynamic content
13.8 Protecting System Settings
13.9 Protect Server Files by Default
13.10 Watching Your Logs
14 Dynamic Shared Object (DSO) Support
14.1 Implementation
14.2 Usage Summary
14.3 Background
14.4 Advantages and Disadvantages
15 Content Negotiation
15.1 About Content Negotiation
15.2 Negotiation in Apache
15.3 The Negotiation Methods
15.4 Fiddling with Quality Values
15.5 Extensions to Transparent Content Negotiation
15.6 Note on hyperlinks and naming conventions
15.7 Note on Caching
16 Custom Error Responses
16.1 Behavior
16.2 Configuration
16.3 Custom Error Responses and Redirects
17 Binding
17.1 Overview
17.2 Special IPv6 Considerations
17.3 How This Works With Virtual Hosts
18 Multi-Processing Modules (MPMs)
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Choosing an MPM
18.3 MPM Defaults
19 Environment Variables in Apache
19.1 Setting Environment Variables
19.2 Using Environment Variables
19.3 Special Purpose Environment Variables
19.4 Examples
20 Apache’s Handler Use
20.1 What is a Handler
20.2 Examples
20.3 Programmer’s Note
21 Filters
21.1 Filtering in Apache 2
21.2 Smart Filtering
21.3 Using Filters
22 suEXEC Support
22.1 Before we begin
22.2 suEXEC Security Model
22.3 Configuring & Installing suEXEC
22.4 Enabling & Disabling suEXEC
22.5 Using suEXEC
22.6 Debugging suEXEC
22.7 Beware the Jabberwock: Warnings & Examples
23 Apache Performance Tuning
23.1 Hardware and Operating System Issues
23.2 Run-Time Configuration Issues
23.3 Compile-Time Configuration Issues
23.4 Appendix: Detailed Analysis of a Trace
24 Frequently Asked Questions
24.1 "Why can’t I …? Why won’t … work?" What to do in case of problems
24.2 Whom do I contact for support?
25 Using Apache HTTP Server on Microsoft Windows
25.1 Operating System Requirements
25.2 Downloading Apache for Windows
25.3 Installing Apache for Windows
25.4 Customizing Apache for Windows
25.5 Running Apache as a Service
25.6 Running Apache as a Console Application
25.7 Testing the Installation
26 Compiling Apache for Microsoft Windows
26.1 Requirements
26.2 Command-Line Build
26.3 Developer Studio Workspace IDE Build
26.4 Exporting command-line .mak files
26.5 Installation
26.6 Warning about building Apache from the development tree
27 The Apache EBCDIC Port
27.1 Overview of the Apache EBCDIC Port
27.2 Design Goals
27.3 Technical Solution
27.4 Porting Notes
27.5 Document Storage Notes
27.6 Apache Modules’ Status
27.7 Third Party Modules’ Status
28 Relevant Standards
28.1 HTTP Recommendations
28.2 HTML Recommendations
28.3 Authentication
28.4 Language/Country Codes
29 Password Formats
29.1 Basic Authentication
29.2 Digest Authentication
30 Release Notes
30.1 Compiling and Installing
30.2 Upgrading to 2.2 from 2.0
30.3 Overview of new features in Apache 2.2
30.4 Overview of new features in Apache 2.0
30.5 The Apache License, Version 2.0
30.6 NOTICE
31 Glossary and Index
31.1 Glossary
31.2 Module Index
Other Modules
31.3 Directive Quick Reference
Other books from the publisher
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| ISBN 9781906966034 | The Apache HTTP Server Reference Manual | See the print edition |